高度近视儿童生活质量的调查分析

发布时间:2024-12-25 06:57

儿童近视防控:控制近距离用眼时间,定期检查视力 #生活常识# #育儿指南#

Analysis on life quality of children with high myopia

LIU Zhehui ,1,2, XIE Hui1, WANG Jingjing1, YANG Jinliuxing1, ZHANG Bo1, HE Xiangui1,2, XU Xun ,1,2

1.Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai 201103, China

2.Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China

摘要

目的·探索儿童高度近视与其生活质量的关联。方法·采用横断面研究方法。基于上海市儿童青少年大规模高度近视眼病研究项目,选择上海市16个区4~10岁高度近视儿童作为研究对象,选取2020年度基线期睫状肌麻痹后等效球镜度数及问卷数据;并纳入静安区、浦东新区16所幼儿园和小学一、二年级4~10岁非近视儿童,通过入校近视筛查测量其裸眼视力、矫正视力及非睫状肌麻痹等效球镜度数并进行生活质量问卷调查。生活质量通过长处与困难问卷(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ)和欧洲五维健康量表视觉模拟评分法(EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale,EQ-VAS)进行测量。对高度近视组和非近视组间变量分布差异进行统计学描述和检验后,使用线性回归分析2组间儿童生活质量得分的差异,以及高度近视组内等效球镜度数和儿童生活质量得分之间的关系。结果·共193名高度近视和209名非近视儿童纳入分析,高度近视组和非近视组间年龄[(9.58±0.94)岁 vs(7.63±1.50)岁,P<0.001]、性别分布(男性46.6% vs 男性62.7%,P=0.001)差异有统计学意义。调整年龄、性别因素后,发现高度近视组与非近视组儿童SDQ得分差异无统计学意义(β=0.313,95%CI -0.723~1.349,P=0.553),但高度近视组EQ-VAS得分较非近视组低(β=-3.805,95%CI -6.593~-1.017,P=0.008);高度近视组内等效球镜度数与SDQ得分(β=0.297,95%CI -0.035~0.628,P=0.079)、EQ-VAS得分(β=0.579,95%CI -0.330~1.489,P=0.211)均无显著关联。结论·高度近视儿童由EQ-VAS量表反映的总体健康状况自评情况劣于非近视儿童,但评分高低不随高度近视程度变化。

关键词:儿童;高度近视;生活质量;相关因素;近视防控

Abstract

Objective ·To explore the association between high myopia and life quality among children. Methods ·Cross-sectional study method was adopted in this study. Highly myopic children aged 4‒10 from 16 districts in Shanghai were enrolled through Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study-High Myopia Registration Study. Baseline data for spherical equivalent after cycloplegia and questionnaire data in 2020 were collected. Emmetropic children aged 4‒10 from 16 kindergartens and elementary schools in Jing'an District and Pudong New Area were enrolled. The uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent without cycloplegia were measured through myopia screening in schools, and the questionnaire on quality of life was filled out. Quality of life was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). After describing and testing the differences in variable distributions between the highly myopic children group and the emmetropic children group, the differences in life quality between the two groups, and the association between spherical equivalent and life quality scores of the highly myopic children were examined by a linear regression model. Results ·A total of 193 children with high myopia and 209 children with emmetropia were enrolled. There were statistically significant differences in age [(9.58±0.94) years vs (7.63±1.50) years, P<0.001] and gender distribution (46.6% males vs 62.7% males, P=0.001) between the highly myopic children and emmetropic children. After adjusting for age and gender, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference in SDQ score between the highly myopic children and emmetropic children (β=0.313, 95%CI -0.723‒1.349, P=0.553), but the EQ-VAS score in the highly myopic children was lower than that in the emmetropic children (β=-3.805, 95%CI -6.593‒ -1.017, P=0.008). There was no significant relationship between spherical equivalent and SDQ score (β=0.297, 95%CI -0.035‒0.628, P=0.079) and EQ-VAS score (β=0.579, 95%CI -0.330‒1.489, P=0.211) in the highly myopic children. Conclusion ·In children with high myopia, self-evaluated overall health status reflected by EQ-VAS score is poorer compared with that in children with emmetropia. However, the EQ-VAS score is not associated with the degree of high myopia.

Keywords:children;high myopia;quality of life;related factor;myopia control

本文引用格式

刘哲辉, 谢辉, 王菁菁, 杨金柳行, 张波, 何鲜桂, 许迅. 高度近视儿童生活质量的调查分析. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1548-1553 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.010

LIU Zhehui, XIE Hui, WANG Jingjing, YANG Jinliuxing, ZHANG Bo, HE Xiangui, XU Xun. Analysis on life quality of children with high myopia. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1548-1553 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.010

近视已成为儿童青少年人群中突出的健康问题之一,儿童青少年近视防控已上升为国家战略任务。据2020年全国近视调查数据显示[1],我国儿童青少年近视率为52.7%,在近视学生中高度近视率为10%,高中阶段近视学生高度近视率达17.6%。随着年龄增长,高度近视可增加病理性近视的风险,引起青光眼、视网膜脱离、近视性黄斑病变等多种严重并发症,导致不可逆的视力损伤甚至失明[2-5],不仅给社会带来医疗负担,还可能对个体的生活质量造成影响[6]。生活质量一般包括生理、心理和社会功能方面的状态评估[7]。目前,针对高度近视儿童生活质量的研究较为少见,儿童期高度近视是否会对生活质量造成影响尚未定论。因此,本研究旨在探索儿童高度近视与生活质量的关联,为增强对这一疾病负担的认识、制定针对该人群的防控方案和策略提供参考依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 资料来源

本研究基于上海市儿童青少年大规模高度近视眼病研究(Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study-High Myopia Registration Study,SCALE-HM)项目[8-9]。该项目从2018年开始,邀请上海市16个区4~18岁儿童青少年屈光发育档案中发现的潜在高度近视儿童青少年前往上海市眼病防治中心参与此研究。本研究选取其中2020年度4~10岁儿童基线数据以及来源于上海市静安区、浦东新区16所幼儿园及小学一、二年级学生的入校近视筛查和问卷数据进行横断面调查。排除标准:未完成眼科检查的个体;患有弱视、斜视、中至重度上睑下垂、先天性白内障或青光眼、与近视无关的眼底病变及其他不适宜参与研究者;未完成生命质量问卷的个体。

1.2 研究方法1.2.1 眼科检查

睫状肌麻痹步骤如下:每只眼睛滴1滴0.5%丙美卡因,随后滴2滴环喷托酯,每滴间隔5 min。最后一滴环喷托酯滴入至少30 min后进行光反射检查,光反射消失且瞳孔直径大于6 mm视为睫状肌麻痹完成。睫状肌麻痹后,使用自动验光仪(KR-8900,日本Topcon)测量屈光状态。每侧眼测量3次,取平均值。若任意2次测量值差异大于0.5D,则重复测量过程。

1.2.2 近视定义及分组

以等效球镜度数(spherical equivalent,SE;SE=球镜度数+1/2柱镜度数)描述近视程度。近视定义为睫状肌麻痹后验光SE<-0.50D。4~8岁儿童SE≤-3.00D,9~10岁儿童SE≤-5.00D为高度近视;以双眼中较低的SE值作为分类依据,定义为较弱眼SE[10]。将纳入研究的高度近视儿童作为近视组,共193人;将双眼裸眼视力≥5.0且非睫状肌麻痹状态下电脑验光SE≥-0.50D的筛查儿童作为非近视组,共209人。

1.2.3 问卷调查

儿童与其父母或监护人共同完成问卷调查。问卷主要收集一般人口学特征、家庭近视史、用眼习惯及生活质量等资料。生活质量采用长处与困难问卷(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ)与欧洲五维健康量表视觉模拟评分(EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire Visual Analogue Scale,EQ-VAS)测量。SDQ共包含25个问题,对儿童的情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往问题、亲社会行为进行测量;每个问题根据“不符合”“有点符合”“完全符合”情况赋予0~2分,其中部分条目反向计分;计算所有问题的总分,分值越高代表越接近异常。SDQ的Cronbach's α信度系数为0.79,重测相关信度为0.48~0.74,有较好的内部一致性;能够反映行为和情绪等问题,有较好的效度[11]。EQ-VAS为总体健康状况自评视觉类比量表,100分代表理想健康状态,0分代表心目中最差健康状态。EQ-VAS的Cronbach's α信度系数为0.624,重测相关信度为0.592~0.699,有较好的内部一致性;能够反映患者对健康状况的评价,有较好的效度[12]。

1.3 统计学分析

利用SPSS v26.0软件对数据进行统计分析。利用Shapiro-Wilk方法对定量数据分布进行正态性检验,正态分布的定量数据用x±s表示,非正态分布的定量数据用中位数(四分位数间距)表示;定性数据使用频数(百分比)表示。利用独立样本t检验(满足正态分布)或Mann-Whitney U非参数检验(不满足正态分布)比较2组间SDQ得分和EQ-VAS得分的差异;利用线性回归拟合校正模型,采用Enter方法,entry=0.05,removal=0.10,校正一般人口学因素(年龄和性别)后探索近视分组(高度近视、非近视)与SDQ得分、EQ-VAS得分的关联,以及高度近视组内SE与2项生活质量得分之间的独立关系。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 研究对象的基本信息

高度近视组193人,其中男生90人(占46.6%),女生103人(占53.4%);年龄最小为5岁,最大为10岁,平均年龄(9.58±0.94)岁;非近视组209人,其中男生131人(占62.7%),女生78人(占37.3%);年龄最小为4岁,最大为10岁,平均年龄(7.63±1.50)岁。2组间年龄[高度近视组(9.58±0.94)岁 vs 非近视组(7.63±1.50)岁,P<0.001]、性别(高度近视组男性46.6% vs 非近视组男性62.7%,P=0.001)分布差异具统计学意义。总体屈光度分布方面,高度近视组平均左眼SE为-6.40(1.81)D,平均右眼SE为-6.42(1.38)D,平均较弱眼SE为-6.88(1.75)D;非近视组平均左眼SE为0.28(0.63)D,平均右眼SE为0.21(0.38)D,平均较弱眼SE为0.11(0.63)D。

2.2 2组儿童生活质量得分与组间比较

2组儿童SDQ、EQ-VAS得分均不满足正态分布(P<0.05)。高度近视组SDQ得分为17(6)分,EQ-VAS得分为90(15)分;非近视组SDQ得分为17(5)分,EQ-VAS得分为90(9)分。非参数检验显示,2组儿童SDQ得分差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.969,P=0.332),EQ-VAS得分差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.998,P=0.003)。调整年龄、性别后,高度近视组SDQ平均得分较非近视组高0.313分,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.553,95%CI -0.723~1.349);高度近视组EQ-VAS平均得分较非近视组低3.805分,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.008,95%CI -6.593~-1.017)。结果见表1。

表1  调整年龄、性别后近视组别与SDQ得分、EQ-VAS得分关联的线性回归模型

Tab 1  Linear regression model results of association between the myopia group and SDQ and EQ-VAS scores after adjusting age and gender

Independent variableDependent variableβStandard errorStandardized coefficient95%CIt valueP valueSDQ scoreMyopia group0.3130.5270.038-0.723‒1.3490.5940.553Age0.2090.1640.080-0.115‒0.5321.2690.205Female-0.6020.422-0.072-1.431‒0.227-1.4270.154EQ-VAS scoreMyopia group-3.8051.418-0.169-6.593‒-1.017-2.6830.008Age0.2000.4420.028-0.670‒1.0690.4520.651Female0.5791.1350.026-1.652‒2.8100.5100.610

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2.3 高度近视组内SE与儿童生活质量得分关联分析

高度近视组内,调整年龄、性别后,分别对较弱眼SE与SDQ得分、EQ-VAS得分进行线性回归分析。结果显示:高度近视儿童SE与SDQ得分不具有显著相关性(P=0.079,95%CI -0.035~0.628);SE与EQ-VAS得分也不具有显著相关性(P=0.211,95%CI -0.330~1.489)。结果见表2。

表2  调整年龄、性别后高度近视组内SESDQ得分、EQ-VAS得分关联的线性回归模型

Tab 2  Linear regression model results of association between SE and SDQ and EQ-VAS scores in the high myopia group after adjusting age and gender

Independent variableDependent variableβStandard errorStandardized coefficient95%CIt valueP valueSDQ scoreSE0.2970.1680.127-0.035‒0.6281.7660.079Age0.3510.3410.074-0.322‒1.0241.0290.305Female-0.8510.645-0.095-2.123‒0.421-1.3200.188EQ-VAS scoreSE0.5790.4610.091-0.330‒1.4891.2560.211Age0.0460.9360.004-1.800‒1.8930.0490.961Female0.7401.7700.030-2.752‒4.2310.4180.676

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3 讨论

本研究分析了上海地区儿童高度近视与生活质量可能存在的关联。高度近视儿童SDQ得分与非近视儿童间的差异没有统计学意义,而EQ-VAS得分低于非近视儿童;高度近视儿童SDQ得分与EQ-VAS得分没有随着近视程度变化。研究结果表明,对于SDQ反映的情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往问题和亲社会行为,高度近视儿童与非近视儿童没有明显差异;而对于EQ-VAS反映的主观健康认识,高度近视儿童对自己的健康状况满意度低于非近视儿童。

目前,近视对儿童青少年的生活质量的影响尚未有定论,但多数研究表明近视会引起儿童出现心理健康问题[13]、社会参与度降低[14],导致生活质量的下降[15-19]。PAN等[20]在2018年对云南墨江乡村地区2 235名13~14岁的七年级学生进行了PedsQL 4.0生活质量问卷调查,结果显示:相较于未近视学生,近视学生在总得分、社会功能和学校表现得分上更低,但并未发现近视屈光度与生活质量得分之间存在明显线性关系。何娟等[19]利用综合医院焦虑抑郁量表和屈光不正生活质量量表对354名8~18岁(平均16.65岁)四川、重庆、浙江的中高度近视学生进行调查,结果显示:有39.83%、49.72%的学生分别存在焦虑、抑郁情绪,近视程度高的学生生活质量量表得分更低;但同时发现焦虑情绪与得分的关联大于视功能指标,提示相较于视力下降,近视相关的心理健康问题与生活质量的关联更显著。WONG等[21]对新加坡近视风险队列1 249份青少年自我报告及948份家长代为报告的PedsQL 4.0生活质量问卷调查结果同样显示,尽管青少年生活质量得分因视力受损而略有降低,但近视程度的加深对生活质量并未产生更大影响。以上3项研究与本文结论部分类似,而差异可能来源于儿童年龄范围的不同:与初高中阶段相比,小学阶段的学生的学习表现、社会行为要求较低,较少产生心理健康问题。LESKE等[22]通过PedEyeQ问卷对40名戴眼镜的儿童和99名未佩戴眼镜的儿童进行了生活质量测量,结果显示戴眼镜的儿童在视功能、视觉烦恼、社会、焦虑方面的得分均低于未佩戴眼镜儿童,提示儿童生活质量与是否佩戴眼镜相关;该研究与QIAN等[23]对中国西南部2 346名7年级学生调查的结论一致,间接表明近视儿童的生活质量受到影响。

生活质量有多方面涵义。在医疗卫生领域,生活质量主要包括身体、心理和社会3个方面[24]。SDQ的25个问题主要涵盖了心理和社会层面,在定量基础上更为系统、全面,然而我们发现低龄儿童往往需要家长辅助阅读来完成;EQ-VAS是一个0~100分的标尺,着重考察心理层面,对于低龄儿童简便易理解,但主观性强,呈现出的得分较为集中且存在极端值较多的不足。PAN等[20]和WONG等[21]的研究中使用的PedsQL 4.0生活质量问卷与SDQ相比,多了身体素质层面的考察,但考察的方面多为运动能力等普适性的身体素质指标,在近视背景下所使用问卷的不同不足以解释文献结果与本研究的差异;PedEyeQ问卷围绕视功能设计了身体、心理和社会适应层面的问题,待其引入汉化后有望作为考察近视儿童生活质量的更优选择。综上考虑,本研究与上述研究[20-22]的不同结果提示着2种可能:其一,对于低龄儿童文本量大且复杂的问题削弱了量表的效力;其二,在SDQ所考察的问题上高度近视儿童与非近视儿童之间没有出现明显差异,可能原因为制镜工艺、验光配镜水平的提高使儿童视功能受影响的程度逐渐减小[25-26],以及近视问题的普遍性和低龄化使同龄人、长辈对其接受程度提高。本研究发现对于高度近视儿童,生活质量没有随着近视程度加深而降低。考虑到眼镜对儿童外观、生活习惯等方面均会产生明显影响,结合上述研究[20-22],推测高度近视与生活质量的关联可能主要与是否佩戴眼镜以及由此产生的心理健康问题相关;近视程度与生活质量的关联在年龄较小时表现不明显,随着年龄增长该关联会逐渐增大。有多项流行病学研究[10,27-29]表明,长时间近距离用眼、视屏时间过长、缺乏户外活动等均可能增加儿童近视发生发展的风险。因此,近视防控应当家庭、学校、社会联合,帮助儿童形成健康用眼习惯,增加每日户外活动时间,同时对学生的视觉健康问题加以筛查并积极干预,避免近视初发及病理性近视发展[30-34]。

综上所述,本研究认为高度近视儿童总体健康状况评价情况劣于非近视儿童,但关联程度不随近视程度变化。本研究的局限性在于:①研究方法为横断面研究,无法对近视与生活质量的因果关系做出判断。②目前所使用的量表多为通用型量表。这些量表主要反映儿童在特定方面遇到的困难,但对于参与者在问卷中所反映的对抗性体育运动不便、职业选择受限以及温差引起框架眼镜雾化等问题,难以有所体现。③由于调查工具局限,本研究未能收集广泛信息,可能存在与近视发生发展及生活质量均有关联并产生混杂效应的因素,如日常学习行为与压力和户外活动时间等,因而对近视本身与生活质量的关联性分析产生影响,后续研究应当加以改进。

作者贡献声明

刘哲辉、谢辉参与了论文写作和数据分析,王菁菁、杨金柳行参与了问卷设计,王菁菁、杨金柳行、张波参与了数据采集,何鲜桂、许迅参与了研究设计与论文定稿。所有作者均阅读并同意了稿件提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

LIU Zhehui and XIE Hui contributed to essay writing and data analysis; WANG Jingjing and YANG Jinliuxing participated in questionnaire design; WANG Jingjing, YANG Jinliuxing and ZHANG Bo participated in data collection; HE Xiangui and XU Xun contributed to research design and manuscript revision. All authors have read the paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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