nginx负载均衡(三)

发布时间：2024-12-10 01:16

多个插座并联使用时，注意负载均衡，避免过载。 #生活常识# #家用插座#

使用ab软件进行压力测试一、ab1.ab是什么？2.ab的原理二、压力测试三、使用ab做压力测试1.安装ab2.查看ab版本3.ab帮助文档查看参数4.常用参数5.ab测试发送请求6.监控负载均衡器和nginx服务器7.ab测试输出说明

一、ab

1.ab是什么？

ab是apachebench命令的缩写。ab是apache自带的压力测试工具。ab非常实用，它不仅可以对apache服务器进行网站访问压力测试，也可以对或其它类型的服务器进行压力测试。比如nginx、tomcat、IIS等

2.ab的原理

ab的原理：ab命令会创建多个并发访问线程，模拟多个访问者同时对某一URL地址进行访问。它的测试目标是基于URL的，因此，它既可以用来测试apache的负载压力，也可以测试nginx、lighthttp、tomcat、IIS等其它Web服务器的压力。

ab命令对发出负载的计算机要求很低，它既不会占用很高CPU，也不会占用很多内存。但却会给目标服务器造成巨大的负载，其原理类似CC攻击。自己测试使用也需要注意，否则一次上太多的负载。可能造成目标服务器资源耗完，严重时甚至导致死机。

二、压力测试

对整个系统进行测试 -->看整个服务器集群能承受多少的访问量–>跟服务器的硬件和软件配置有关系
因素：cpu、网络带宽、磁盘IO
指标：QPS/TPS/IOPS/吞吐量
1.QPS

QPS Query Per Second,既每秒请求、查询次数nginx的web服务–>发http请求的数量

2.TPS

Transcantion Per Second,既每秒事务数

3.IOPS

IOPS 是指单位时间内系统能处理的I/O请求数量，一般以每秒处理的I/O请求数量为单位，I/O请求通常为读或写数据操作请求。看数据库或者磁盘–>值越大越好

优化

硬件层面–>提升硬件软件层面–>os层面–>nginx负载均衡–>后端的nginx配置

三、使用ab做压力测试

1.安装ab

[root@ab-test ~]# yum -y install httpd-tools 1

2.查看ab版本

也可以查看ab是否安装成功

[root@ab-test ~]# ab -V This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1843412 $> Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/ Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/ 12345

3.ab帮助文档查看参数

[root@ab-test ~]# ab -h Usage: ab [options] [http[s]://]hostname[:port]/path Options are: -n requests Number of requests to perform -c concurrency Number of multiple requests to make at a time -t timelimit Seconds to max. to spend on benchmarking This implies -n 50000 -s timeout Seconds to max. wait for each response Default is 30 seconds -b windowsize Size of TCP send/receive buffer, in bytes -B address Address to bind to when making outgoing connections -p postfile File containing data to POST. Remember also to set -T -u putfile File containing data to PUT. Remember also to set -T -T content-type Content-type header to use for POST/PUT data, eg. 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' Default is 'text/plain' -v verbosity How much troubleshooting info to print -w Print out results in HTML tables -i Use HEAD instead of GET -x attributes String to insert as table attributes -y attributes String to insert as tr attributes -z attributes String to insert as td or th attributes -C attribute Add cookie, eg. 'Apache=1234'. (repeatable) -H attribute Add Arbitrary header line, eg. 'Accept-Encoding: gzip' Inserted after all normal header lines. (repeatable) -A attribute Add Basic WWW Authentication, the attributes are a colon separated username and password. -P attribute Add Basic Proxy Authentication, the attributes are a colon separated username and password. -X proxy:port Proxyserver and port number to use -V Print version number and exit -k Use HTTP KeepAlive feature -d Do not show percentiles served table. -S Do not show confidence estimators and warnings. -q Do not show progress when doing more than 150 requests -l Accept variable document length (use this for dynamic pages) -g filename Output collected data to gnuplot format file. -e filename Output CSV file with percentages served -r Don't exit on socket receive errors. -m method Method name -h Display usage information (this message) -I Disable TLS Server Name Indication (SNI) extension -Z ciphersuite Specify SSL/TLS cipher suite (See openssl ciphers) -f protocol Specify SSL/TLS protocol (SSL2, TLS1, TLS1.1, TLS1.2 or ALL) -E certfile Specify optional client certificate chain and private key

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4.常用参数

-n: 总的请求个数
-c: 一次并发的请求数
-t: 持续的时间，默认没有限制
-k:它会增加请求头Connection: Keep-Alive，相当于开启了HTTP长连接。这样做一方面可以降低测试服务器动态端口被耗尽的风险，另一方面也有助于给目标服务器更大的压力，测试出更接近极限的结果
说明：ab使用的是HTTP/1.0，缺省开启的是短链接，用-k参数则可以打开长连接

5.ab测试发送请求

一次并发100个请求，一共10000个请求

[root@ab-test ~]# ab -c 100 -n 10000 -k http://192.168.0.109/index.html This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1843412 $> Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/ Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/ Benchmarking 192.168.0.112 (be patient) Completed 1000 requests Completed 2000 requests Completed 3000 requests Completed 4000 requests Completed 5000 requests Completed 6000 requests Completed 7000 requests Completed 8000 requests Completed 9000 requests Completed 10000 requests Finished 10000 requests Server Software: nginx/1.21.1 Server Hostname: 192.168.0.112 Server Port: 80 Document Path: /index.html Document Length: 20 bytes Concurrency Level: 100 Time taken for tests: 2.485 seconds Complete requests: 10000 Failed requests: 0 Keep-Alive requests: 10000 Total transferred: 2560000 bytes HTML transferred: 200000 bytes Requests per second: 4024.91 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 24.845 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 0.248 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 1006.23 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 0 0 0.9 0 13 Processing: 3 24 11.4 26 99 Waiting: 3 24 11.4 26 99 Total: 3 24 11.6 26 105 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms) 50% 26 66% 29 75% 31 80% 32 90% 42 95% 46 98% 48 99% 51 100% 105 (longest request)

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6.监控负载均衡器和nginx服务器

监控负载均衡器和nginx服务器查看CPU使用情况、内存使用情况等。

[root@LB ~]#dstat -a -m 1

7.ab测试输出说明

Document Length: # 请求的页面大小Concurrency Level: # 每次的并发请求数Time taken for tests: # 测试总共耗时Complete requests: # 完成的请求总数Failed requests: # 失败的请求数量Write errors: # 错误的请求数量Total transferred: # 总共传输数据量Requests per second 吞吐率（reqs/s）：服务器每秒能够处理的请求数量Time per request 平均请求处理时间，它的两个值是:

第一行为每次并发请求的耗时，

第二行为每个请求的耗时

第一行值为第二行的值乘上并发请求数量。

可以尝试将并发数改为20，

这样就会看到第一行是第二行的20倍

Transfer rate 表示吞吐量（BPS）:即：每秒从服务器获取的数据的长度

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